Speaker 0:  researchers at iisc discovered that in ultra clean graphene, electrons stop acting like individual particles and start flowing collectively like a coordinated liquid. this direct fluid allows heat to travel 300 times faster than electricity, completely shattering the standard rules of metallurgy. physics just hit a massive glitch. researchers found a state of matter where heat and electricity finally filed for divorce. we're talking about quantum liquid and graphene that breaks a 150 old law of nature and its secret key to the next generation of super sensors. this isn't just lab trivia. it paves the way for our perfect thermal conductors and quantum sensors that could make gps obsolete by sensing magnetic fields with terrifying precision. what do you think about this, john?

Speaker 1:  i i'm excited for this. i've always loved graphene. i think graphene is awesome and there we've talked about graphene batteries. we've talked about graphene in a lot of things. but this is really cool because they're essentially breaking, a physics law, which is the wiedemann franz law. and that states that the ratio of thermal conductivity, which is heat, to electro conductivity charge is constant in metals. and this works because electrons normally carry both heat and electric current. so if electricity flows well, heat should too. so what did graphene do instead? so in ultra clean graphene, scientists observe a massive deviation up to 200 x from this law. so heat and charge are decoupled. they no longer move together, which was what was even more surprising was sometimes heat increased while electro electrical conductivity decreased, which is the opposite of what physics predicts. so the physics behind it is this dirac fluid. so at a special condition called the dirac point, graphene becomes neither metal nor an insulator, and electrons behave like massless relativistic

Speaker 0:  particles.

Speaker 1:  and so in this regime, electrons kind of interact strongly with each other and they form this, like you said, this collective quantum fluid, which is called the direct fluid. so instead of moving independently, they move like a coordinated liquid with ultra low viscosity, which is really cool. so, the electrons in the law assumes that electrons behave like independent particles. but in graphene, they behave like a strong interacting system. and so the result is the foundational assumptions of the law essentially collapse and heat and charge become independent transport channels, which i think is, is really cool. so it's not breaking physics. it just breaks assumptions if that makes sense.

Speaker 0:  makes total sense. i like to think of this as an update like the difference between a crowded sidewalk and a synchronized swim team. in normal metals, electrons are like, commuters bumping into each other, struggling to move forward. in graphene quantum liquid, the electrons link arms and flow like a high speed river because they move as one. they carry a massive wave of heat through the material without the electrical baggage that usually slows them down. so this is currently, in the high end lab phase. commercial credit size, card size quantum sensors are not projected, till about 2030 or are projected for about 2030. so we're talking about only four years away.

Speaker 1:  yeah. and so if actually heat electricity decouple, we could design systems where electricity flows without overheating and energy losses dramatically reduced. so ultra efficient chips, like you said, quantum computing sensors, quantum computing platforms, and new sensor technologies. so i like to think about graphene as becoming sort of like this physics playground because it's not just a material. it's a test bed for rewriting physics models, and this is really cool.

Speaker 0:  yeah. absolutely. so this violation is 200 to 300 times, factor. right?

Speaker 1:  yeah. 200 times. yeah.

Speaker 0:  and the temp at temperature is roughly between thirty and sixty kelvin, which is about negative 243 to negative two hundred and thirteen thirteen degrees celsius.

Speaker 1:  negative two fifty three. is that is that negative is that kelvin?

Speaker 0:  so the kelvin is thirty and sixty. so, anyway, the the utilize the direct point that we talked about, the neutral energy junction where the induction, and valence bands meet. in ultra clean samples, the electron to electron collisions dominate over impurity scattering, creating a hydrodynamic transport. so this is the most significant challenge to the wide wide mainframes law since its inception in 1853. it represents a shift in the quasi particle model to many body physics, similar to leap from classical mechanics to general relativity. i'm kind of excited that almost every time we talk about something new in the physics world, we're getting closer and closer to the overlap of quantum physics and our understanding of normal physics. even though i call quantum magic and, when we talk about quantum physics and whatnot, we're starting to get a better picture. every time we see the early inceptions of the universe and every time we see what's escaping a black hole and every time like, it all changes our big picture and starting to make, you know, now the universal quantum theory of gravity and our normal theory of gravity are starting to, make sense together. i like it when these start, joining together. and the electron fluid in this graphene had the viscosity ratio within four times the theoretical minimum, making it a nearly perfect fluid similar to the quark gluon plasma found milliseconds after the big bang. yeah. so the eu is already pouring millions into this via the gator project specifically to weaponize this fluid state for magnetic field sensing. despite being one atom thick, this liquid state is effectively a two dimensional river where electrons and holes, the absence of electrons, flow together in a perfect dance. critics still argue that this isn't a new state of matter, but rather a natural byproduct of graphene being a semi metal. they claim the law isn't broken. it just never applied to graphene's unique geometry in the first place.

Speaker 1:  yeah. i think so. yep.

Speaker 0:  if you are in the defense, aerospace, or autonomous, vehicle sector, start tracking solid state quantum sensors today because there's probably some good investments coming, but don't take our investment advice. but, you know, we're always have my startup advice and where things are going. and, as a startup, i'd be looking at this kind of space if you're into it. what do you think? anything else here, john?

Speaker 1:  no. i i'm just excited. i love graphene. i think integrating it into everything, is like, even solar cells and everything like that, it's gonna be a game changer for tons of devices and tons of, instruments.

Speaker 0:  yeah. we've officially moved past the era of treating electrons like billiard balls into the era of treating them like a high speed quantum tide. if you could have a sensor that knows exactly where you are without a single satellite or gps, would you trade your privacy for that kind of unhackable navigation? let us know in the chat.